multiple sclerosis (ms) is a chronic auto-immune disease. most therapeutic strategies for treatment of this disease direct immune modulation and control of inflammatory processes. first-line therapeutic agents showed moderate efficacy and frequent side-effects with moderate efficacy in trials. their parental administration and limited long-term adherence restrict their efficacy compared with se...

depression is a serious disorder in today’s society, with the estimates of lifetime prevalence being as high as 21% of the general population in some developed countries. as defined by the american psychiatric association, depression is a heterogeneous disorder often manifested with symptoms at the psychological, behavioral, and physiological levels. such patients are often reluctant to take sy...

context since 2006 a relevant number of therapeutical algorithms for the management of type 2 diabetes have been proposed, generating a lively debate in the scientific community, particularly on the ideal timing for introduction of insulin therapy and on which drug should be preferred as add-on therapy in patients failing to metformin. at the moment, there is no real consensus. the aim of the p...

Background and objectives: Scrophularia umbrosa Dumort is used as a traditional herb in China. In this study, chemical profile, free radical suppression capability, general toxicity and cardiovascular activities of the volatile compounds from S. umbrosa were investigated. Moreover, methanol (MeOH) extract of rhizomes were analyzed to purify and identify the co...

Background:Cardiovascular effects of acute organophosphate (OP) poisoning are common. This study was aimed to assess the cardiovascular effects of OP poisoned patients in Nepal. Methods:This was a prospective hospital-based cross-sectional study of 115 acute OP poisoned patients presenting in emergency department of a tertiary care teaching hospital of central Nepal during November 2008 to Octo...

sulfur mustard (sm) has been used as a chemical weapon in some conflicts, and many veterans and civilians have been injured thereby. pulmonary, cutaneous, and ocular effects of sm have been frequently reported, although it seems that other organs such as the cardiovascular system are probably also affected. there are a number of studies evaluating the cardiovascular impacts of sm. however, thes...

cocaine is used by more than 14 million people worldwide, about 0.3 percent of the global population age is 15 to 64 years. after alcohol, cocaine is the most common cause of acute drug-related emergency department visits in the united states. cocaine consumption is more frequently associated with acute cardiovascular illness.  cocaine stimulates α 1 , α 2 , β 1 and β 2 adrenergic receptors thr...

introduction lidocaine plus epinephrine is the most common anesthetic drug used in dentistry which has important cardiovascular side-effects like increase in blood pressure and cardiac arrhythmia. the goal of this study was to evaluat cardiovascular effects of one cartridge of 2% lidocaine + 1:80000 epinephrine. methods and materials 60 cases without any systemic diseases who had been admitted ...